A Second Scoring Mechanism to Study Change
نویسنده
چکیده
Fullan (1991) reminds us that "change is multidimensional" and that it can "vary within the same person as well as within groups ." Yet research frequently conceptualizes change solely in terms ofdifferences in status . Researchers gather data over two time points, compute the status for each time point, and proceed to look for differences in status over time . Consider the example of a survey of 7 items designed to measure teacher dynamism in 89 urban elementary schools . The survey administered in 1991 and 1994 consisted of items that probed aspects of teacher behavior ranging from the more passive behaviors like acceptance of instructional goals and familiarity with school improvement plans, to more active behaviors like voicing concerns, enforcing rules, and helping to develop school improvement plans . Teachers responded to these items using a four-point rating scale, "Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree." These responses were scored 1,2,3, and 4 respectively. To study how
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